The Triangular Causal Relationship between Economic Growth, Tourism, and Foreign Direct Investment: A Case Study in Central Vietnam

The article proposes a method to broach the complication and mixture of triangular causal nexus among gross domestic product (GDP), foreign direct investment (FDI), tourist arrivals (FTA) in Thua Thien Hue (TTH) province that has not yet been studied. FDI into TTH fluctuates unpredictably, so study investigates relationship between variables over whole period (1995–2019) shortened (2003–2019). ARDL model is most optimal choice due heterogeneity stationary characteristics short time series data. established more statistically significant short- long-term Granger relationships, excluding economic crisis effect. causality test only underlined unidirectional short-term running from FTA period. Policies for development need strengthen coordination tourism all sectors can jointly create spillover effects on growth.